RESEARCH DESIGN
Name: Naurah Nabilah Sya'bani
Padmasedhana
Introduction
The discipline of design is relatively young, but has
rapidly matured in recent decades. This is evidenced by an increase in the
number of design journals and dedicated design conferences since the late
1980s, and by an increase in the amount of attention being paid to design in
journals from other academic fields like innovation and marketing.
As the body of design research develops and expands,
it is interesting to examine the publication patterns of institutions and
researchers publishing in the field of design. In other research fields,
studies providing rankings of schools and scholars on the basis of the number
of papers published and the citations of these papers are relatively common. In
this paper we also recognize the performance of those universities and scholars
that have made a significant contribution to the academic development of the
design discipline. Another major aim for this paper is to provide insight into
the publication patterns of leading institutions and scholars.
A recent study provided a list of 14 journals
considered to be leading in industrial design research. When examining the
nature of these 14 journals, a distinction can be made between so – called design – relevant journals and design – focused journals. Design –
relevant journals focus on a disciplinary area such as ergonomics or human –
computer interaction. Design researchers use insights from these fields in their
design research and contribute to these fields when publishing their work in
these journals. However, if design research is understood to focus on the
development of and human interaction with products and services, as in Gemser
et al,’s study, some of the papers being published in these design – relevant
journals cannot really be called design research – even though they do cover a
broad spectrum of design aspects.
A research design according to Andrew B. Kirumbi
(2018) is the set of methods and procedures used in collecting and analyzing
measures of the variables specified in the research problem research. The
design of a study defines the study type (descriptive, correlation, semi –
experimental, experimental, review, meta – analytic) and sub – type (e.g.,
descriptive – longitudinal case study), research problem, hypotheses,
independent and dependent variables, experimental design and if applicable,
data collection methods and a statistical analysis plan. Research design is the
framework that has been created to find answers to research questions.
Before
start the hypotheses, must develop a research design to use when collecting,
analyzing and interpreting observations and data. A research design is a plan
specifying how you intend to fulfill the goals of the study. It it’s a rational
plan of verification that guides through the various stages of the research.
Research designs are important because complete designs tend to produce
significant and correct conclusions. They contribute to the systematic
observation of the research question or problem.
After
having decided on a qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods approach and
after conducting a preliminary literature review and deciding on a format for a
proposal, the next step in the process is to designing an introduction to a
proposal. This chapter discusses the composition and writing of a scholarly introduction and
examines the deficiencies in writing an introduction for these three different
types of designs. Then the discussion turns to the five components of writing a
good introduction: a) establishing the problem leading to the study, b)
reviewing the literature about the problem, c) identifying deficiencies in the
literature about the problem, c) identifying the purpose of the noting the
significance of the problem for this audience and e) identifying the purpose of
the proposed study. These components comprise a social science deficiency model of writing an introduction, because
a major component of the introduction is to set forth the deficiencies in past
research. To illustrate this model, a complete introduction in a published
research study is presented and analyzed.
Process
Designing
theorizing can draw from the same development process as for behavioral
sciences are used to justify the proposition of deign – related hypotheses.
Design – specific aspects such as artifact mutability require special
attention.
Background of Study
The
research design serves several purposes. First, it suggests the necessary
observations you need to make to provide answers to the research question. It
outlines the ways you should make your observations. Second, the research
design identifies the analytical and statistical procedures you will need to
use when analyzing the data. A major purpose of research is to establish that
the independent and dependent variables are casually related. The research
design consists of four components necessary to establish this purpose:
comparison, manipulation, control and the ability to generalize findings
(Frankfort – Nachmlas and Nachmlas 2000, 88). As we discuss in later chapters, the
research design also specifies a model you can use to test the validity and
significance of the statistical relationships.
Research Finding
Types of
Research Designs
The research design refers to the overall strategy
that you choose to integrate the different components of the study in a
coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring it will effectively address the
research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement
and analysis of data. Note that your research problem determines the type of
design you should use, not the other way around.
1. Choosing a Research Problem
A research
problem is the main organizing principle guiding the analysis for the paper.
The problem under investigation offers us an occasion for writing and a focus
that governs what we want to say. It represents the core subject matter of
scholarly communication and the means by which we arrives at other topics of
conversations and the discovery of new knowledge and understanding.
2.
Preparing to
Write
After
determined the type of research design you will use, but before you sit down
and begin to organize your paper, there are few things you should consider
doing that will help make the process of writing go much smoother; make a
schedule and analyze the assignment.
3.
The Abstract
An abstract
summarizes, usually in one paragraph of 300 words or less, the major aspects of
the entire paper in a prescribed sequence that includes: 1) the overall purpose
of the study and the research problem(s) you investigated, 2) the basic design
of the study, 3) major findings or trends found as a result of your analysis
and 4) a brief summary of your interpretations and conclusions.
4.
The Introduction
The introduction
leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of inquiry.
It establishes the scope, context and significance of the purpose of the work
in the form of the research being conducted by summarizing current
understanding and background information about the topic, stating the purpose
of the work in the form of the research problem supported by a hypothesis or a
set of questions, explaining briefly the methodological approach used to
examines the research problem, highlighting the potential outcomes your study
can reveal and outlining the remaining structure and organization of the paper.
5.
The Literature
Review
A
literature review surveys books, scholarly articles and any other sources
relevant to a particular issues, area of research or theory and by so doing,
provides a descriptions, summary and crititcal evaluation of these works in
relation to the research problem being investigated. Literature reviews are
designed to provide an overview of sources you have explored while researching
a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits
within a larger field of study.
6.
Methodology
The methodology
section of research paper answers two main questions: How was the data
collected or generated? The writing should be direct and precise and always
written in the past tense.
7.
The Results
The results
section is where you report the findings of your study based upon the
methodology for methodological you applied to gather information. The results
section should state the findings of the research arranged in a logical
sequence without bias or interpretation.
8.
The Discussion
The
discussion will always connect to the introduction by way of the research
questions or hypotheses you posed and the literature you reviewed, but it does
not simply repeat or rearrange the introduction; the discussion should always
explain how your study has moved the reader’s understanding of the research
problem forward from where you left them at the end of the introduction.
9.
The Conclusion
The
conclusion is intended to help the reader understand why your research should
matter to them after they have finished reading the paper. A conclusion is not
merely a summary of the main topics covered or a re – statement of your
research problem, but a synthesis of key points and if applicable where you
recommend new areas for future research.
10. Proofreading Your Paper
The act of
searching for errors before you hand in your final research paper. Errors can
be both grammatical and typographical in nature, but also include identifying
problems with the narrative flow of your paper [i.e. the logical sequence of
thoughts and ideas], problems with concise writing and finding any word
processing errors [e.g. different font types, intended paragraphs, line spacing,
uneven margins, etc].
Research Methodology
There are three kinds of methodology researchers could
use. Qualitative, quantitative or even mixed methods. The qualitative
methodology is used to explore the understanding about the research. A case
study can be referred to an individual, a small group, an organization,
community, or even a country (Punch, 2005; Richards, 2011). Merriam (1998, p.
3) also states that a case study can be defined as the “methods and techniques
most suitable for collecting and analyzing the data”.
Conclusion
Research design is not related to any particular
method of collecting data or any particular type of data. Any research design
can, in principle, use any type of data collection method and can use either
quantitative or qualitative data. Research design refers to the structure of an enquiry: it is a logical
matter rather than a logistical one. It has been argued that the central role
of research design is to minimize the chance of drawing incorrect casual
inferences from data. Design is a logical task undertaken to ensure that the
evidence collected enable us to answer questions or to test theories as
unambiguously as possible. When designing research it is essential that we
identify the type of evidence required to answer the research question in a
convincing way. This means that we must not simply collect evidence that is consistent
with particular theory or explanation. Research needs to be structured in such
a way that the evidence also bears on alternative rival explanations and
enables us to identify which one of the competing explanations is most
compelling empirically. It also means that we must not simply look for evidence
that support our favorite theory: we should also look for evidence that has the
potential to disprove our preferred explanations.
References
Cresswell, John W (2014). RESEARCH DESIGN: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approach. Los
Angeles: SAGE
“WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN?”
“RESEARCH DESIGN”
Gemser, Gerda and Cees de Bont (2016) “DESIGN –
RELATED AND DESIGN – FOCUSED RESEARCH: A STUDY OF PUBLICATION PATTERNS IN
DESIGN JOURNALS”
Rowley, Jenny (2014) “DESIGNING AND USING RESEARCH QUESTIONNARIES”
Trochim, William M. K (2006) “WRITING GUIDES: RESEARCH DESIGN”
“RESEARCH DESIGN”
Biber, Sharlene Hesse “INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY”. From http://tandfoline.com/loi/tsrm20
accessed on June 20th 2018
Hadi, Muhamad Sofian “THE USE OF COMMUNICATE LANGUAGE
TEACHING (CLT) IN ENGLISH DEPARTMENT MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF JAKARTA: A CASE
STUDY”. From
http://www.academia.edu/36326203/THE_USE_OF_COMMUNICATE_LANGUAGE_TEACHING_CLT_
accessed on June 23rd 2018
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